CLASS-8- CHAPTER 22

CLASS-VIII

Chapter-22

Safeguarding The Marginalized

Q1.     Mention any 2 Fundamental Rights which contain special provisions for the minorities.

Ans1. Fundamental Rights which contain special provisions for the minorities are;-

a)    Right to Equality – Our Constitution lays down that there will be social equality & no person shall be discriminated on the basis of caste, creed, sex, religion &language.

b)    Right Against Exploitation – The constitution provides for abolition of trafficking in human beings, Begar or forced labour, and ban on the employment of children before the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like mines & factories.

Q2.     In what ways does the right to equality ensure the welfare of the schedule castes &                                                     tribes?

Ans2. a) Protective Discrimination – It means that the state can make special provisions to protect the interest of the socially & economically backwards classes. The government can implement special schemes and measures so that they can get opportunity to occupy better socio-economic positions.

b)    Untouchability– It is an inhuman product of the caste system . It is a form of social isolation of certain castes/communities.

The right to equality ensure the welfare of the schedule castes and tribes by providing protective discrimination and banning untouchability.

Q3.     What is meant by ‘Begar’?

Ans3. ‘Begar’ is forced labour which means forcing anyone to do work without paying to them.

Q4.    What is ‘Reservation Policy’?

Ans4. Reservation policy is a policy under which seats are reserved for SC/ST/OBCs in the legislature. Government, service, schools, colleges, etc. They are also given relaxation in upper age limit for applying to certain Jobs. These special privilages aim to bring them at par with the so called upper classes or ‘forward classes’ of the society and to give them trial rightful place in the society.

Q5.    What efforts has the government of India made to safeguard the dignity of all sectios of the society?

Ans5. a) The government of India has made all efforts to safeguard the dignity of all sections of the society. For eg. The Employment of Scavangers& Construction of Dry latrines (prohibition) Act in 1993 so as an important step in this direction.

        b)The SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities act, 1989) prevents the offences of atrocities against the members of ST and SC.

       c) Article 334 of Indian Constitution lays down the provision of reservations as a way to realize social equality by reserving seats in the Indian Parliament  for the SC and ST.

      d)The fundamental Duties (Article 51 A) of the Indian Constitution safeguard the interests of minorities.

Q6.    How the Fundamental Rights work as safeguards against exploitation & discrimination in society?

Ans6. a) Right to Equality – Our Constitution lays down that there will be social equality & no person shall be discriminated on the basis of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion or language. The statecan make special provisions like Protective Discrimination. It also ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and entrusts the state to make provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts for backward classes. The practice of untouchablity has been abolished under the Right to Equality.

b) Right Against Exploitation – The constitution provides for abolition of trafficking in human beings, Begar or ‘Forced Labour’ and ban on the employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like mines & factories.

The Fundamental Rights gurantee that Sc/ST/OBCs can live with dignity and be treated as equals. Many dalits have filed appealsunder the Fundamental Rights and drawn the attention of the government to provide social, political and economic justices to them, as provided under the constitution.

Q7.     Explain the provisions and the objectives of the reservation policy.

Ans7. a) These special privileges aim to bring at per with the so called ‘forward castes’ and to give them their rightful place in the society.

b)    The idea behind the reservation in the educational institutions is to increase the diversity of representation and to bring about social equality in India.

c)    Article334of the Indian Constitution lays down the provision of representation as a way to realize social equality by reserving seats in the Indian Parliament for the SCs and STs.

Q8      ‘Manual Scavenging is an open violation, of the Fundamental Right against Exploitation.’ Do you agree with this statement justify answer.

Ans8. Manual scavenging is an open violation of the Fundamental Right against Exploitation. Yes, I agree with the statement as this low paid job is mainly done by Dalit women who are expressed to sub-human conditions to work and face serious health hazards like infection of eyes, skin, respiratory & gastrointestinal system, etc.

Q9      What is meant by Political Safeguard. Who are the beneficiaries of this policy of the Parliament and other legislative bodies.

Ans9.a) Political Safeguard means that seats in the Parliament, legislative assemblies of states,Panchayat and Municipalities are reserved for the SCs and STs in proportion to their population.

b) Provision has been made In our Constitution to provide representation to the Anglo-Indian minority community.  

c) The government can put forward nomination of the Anglo-Indian representative to the State Assemblies.

d) In LokSabha, only 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community may be nominated by the president if not adequately represented.

Q10.   Mention any 3 advantages of the mid-day meal scheme.

Ans10.a) The mid-day meal scheme has helped in warding off hunger as well as keeping the children in schools.

            b) It has contributed to the advancement of elementary education, child nutrition & social equity.

            c) The mid-day meal programme has abolished classroom hunger as well as fostered egalitarian values.

            d) There are encouraging reports of improving social cohesion and hopes that the stray cases of discrimination should disappear soon.

Q11.   What special measures have been taken up by the Govt. of India for the upliftment of backward classes?

Ans11. The special measures have been taken up by the Govt. of India for the upliftment of backward classes are:-

a)    Mid-day meal in Madhya Pradesh – The Mid-day meal scheme has helped in warding off hunger as well as keeping the children in schools.

b)    Rural development in Madhya Pradesh – In the last 4years, the government has led to the upliftment of the rural  areas in Madhya Pradesh. The construction of over 16,000km roads has connected about 6,000 villages, ushering in employment, education, health & other facilities and improving socio-economic scenario of villages.

c)    The state has emerged as a leader in the implementation of many other projects & schemes including sampoornaGraminRozgarYojna,SwarnaJayanti Gram SwarozgalYojna, IndiraAwasYojna and Backward Grants Fund, etc. The government has also undertaken projects for water conservation, plantation, land development, flood control, etc.

Q12.     Explain the main provisions of Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 for Scheduled Castes & Tribes?

Ans12. Following offences have been set up to try the offenders and punish them if proved guilty:-

a)    Forcing a member of SC/ST to drink or eat anything inedible or obnoxious substance.

b)    Insulting or annoying any member SC/ST.

c)    Wrongfully dispossessing a member of a SC/ST from his land.

d)    Compelling to do ‘Begar’ or bonded labour.

e)    Forcing anyone not to vote or to vote for a particular candidate.

f)     Committing the mischief by fire.

g)    Causing destruction of a building which is ordinary use as a place of worship or human dwelling.

Q13.   How can we ensure that marginalized and worker sections of society are equally benefitted from the economic growth of the country?

Ans13. a) There is a definite possibility that the India can become a prosperous nation if we get rid of poverty ignorance and disease.

             b) Our growth processes should be more inclusive to ensure that marginalized and weaker sections benefit from growth and to ensure that social infrastructure, particularly in health and education, is also improved.

             c) We ensured that the interests of SCs, STs, OBCs, Minorities, women & children are protected and justice is provided to them.

CLASS -8 CHAPTER-21

Chapter 21

Social Justice and the Marginalized

Ques. 1 Mention any four elements which are essential for making a successful democracy.

Ans. The four elements that are essential for making a successful democracy are social justice, individual rights, equality of opportunity and public participation in decision making, make a democracy successful democracy.

Ques. 2 What is marginalization?

Ans. Marginalization means the social process of discriminating and isolating an individual or a group to a lower or outer edge and treating them as inferiors. In most cases the deprivation leads to impoverishment and unemployment.

Ques. 3 Define the term ‘Creamy Layer’.

Ans. The term ‘Creamy Layer’ is used for the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the backward classes. It is argued that they should not avail the benefits of reservation.

Ques. 4 Why is equality considered a necessary condition for democracy?

Ans. Equality is considered a necessary condition for democracy because it promotes and restores the dignity of SC/ST/OBCs minorities or children

Ques. 5 Who are Musahars? What was their traditional occupation? Why are they referred to as ‘Dalits among the Dalits?’

Ans. Mushahars survive on the margins of villages in isolated settlements. Their traditional occupation was hunting out rats from burrows in the fields. In return, they were allowed to keep the grains and chaff recovered from the rat holes. In times of drought and food scarcity, the mushahars would resort to eating rats.

They are referred as the ‘dalits among the dalits’ because their condition is worst among the dalits, most of them are still poor, illiterate and are oppressed and discriminated under the caste system.

Ques. 6 Who are Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes? Why are they called SC and ST? Who is responsible for their miserable plight and backwardness?

Ans. (i) The castes of Dalits and Adivasis which are listed in the constitution of India are known as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

          (ii) Economically and socially disadvantaged communities of India also known as Dalits, Harijans or untouchables are known as Scheduled  Castes. They include people who were leather-workers, scavengers, tanners, flayers, cobblers, agricultural laborers, drumbeaters, folk musicians and street handicraft persons.

(iii) They were discriminated and exploited by the higher castes on one hand and the colonial power on the other, due to their monopoly over the resources.

Ques. 7 Explain the constitutional provision of reservations. How has this benifitted the backward classes?

Ans. (I) The constitution framers included the provision of reservation to uplift historically oppressed and marginalized sections of society, who were denied respect and equality.

(ii) The under privileged and the under represented needed equal opportunity in nation building activities.

(iii) Under it, a percentage of seats are reserved in the public sector units, Union and State civil services, Union and State departments and in all public and private educational institutions for the socially and economically backward classes, listed as scheduled casted and scheduled tribes.

Ques. 8 Which communities come under OBCs? Who identified them and how?

Ans. The OBC communities mainly comprise of small cultivators, agricultural laborers, artisans, people engaged in weaving, fishing, construction work, etc. They constitute a majority of poor and backward population that have been producing a variety of goods and services, but continue to suffer due to unfair terms and conditions. They were listed as Other Backward Classes on the recommendation of the Second Backward Classes Commission under Chairman B.P. Mandal In 1978.

Ques. 9 ‘ The rich culture of Adivasis is an important part of India’s heritage’. Justify this statement by highlighting the life style of bishnois.

Ans. ‘ The rich culture of Adivasis is an important part of India’s heritage’. For example, the Bishnois are the tribal community of Rajasthan.

1.      The preservation of animals and vegetation has been a religion to them since the fifteenth century.

2.      Their spiritual mentor, Jambeshwari formulated 29 tenets – Bis (twenty) + noi ( nine). This is the origin of their name.

3.      The tents are related to personal hygiene, maintaining good basic health, healthy social behavior and worship of the God.

4.      Eight tenets direct them to preserve bio-diversity and encourage good animal husbandry.

5.      Their religion bans animal killing, felling green trees and directs them to protect all life forms.

6.      The Bishnoi conservationists take care of nature and grow with it instead of exploiting it. They have contributed more to environment and wildlife protection than the entire country put together.

Ques. 10 Explain the impact of many welfare schemes for the Scheduled Tribes launched by the government.

Ans. 1 The government has launched many schemes for their welfare but they are disenchanted with them as the schemes have provided more money making opportunities to the rich and higher castes and the Adivasis have mostly been given the option of manual labour.

2 The plans of development and progress of SC and ST have not given the desired results due to failures of proper implementation and co-ordination.

3 As a result of exploitation, many a times, the resentment has surfaced in the form of protests or revolts against higher castes, landlords and the colonial power. But they were quickly suppressed in merciless manner to teach others not to raise their heads against the tyranny of the powerful classes, even again.

Ques. 11 Explain the term ‘minorities’. Why do they lag behind the majority community, both educationally and economically? How can they get their rightful place in society?

Ans. The communities whose number is much less than the majority community are known as minority communities like Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhist, Jains, Persians, Anglo-India, etc., on the basis of race, religion or language. Among all the minorities, Muslims are the largest single minority community in India. They lag behind the majority community, both educationally and economically. A large part of Muslim population suffers from backwardness due to obstaining from the mainstream education and opting for traditional education, which is primarily religious. Many Muslim parents still prefer to send their children to a traditional Islamic education institutions, called Madarsa and not for modern education.

They can get their rightful place in the society by opting for modern education and are becoming a part of mainstream.

CLASS-8 HUMAN RESOURCES

Ch-7

Human Resources

Q1.Why are people considered as a resource?

Ans.Human beings are considered an important and integral part of the ecosystem. They are endowed with intelligence, thinking and creative skills, and are the biggest and most valuable resource.

Q2.Define sex-ratio .

Ans.It is a ratio between the number of females over males in a population. The sex-ratio is expressed as number of females per thousand males.

Q3.Name the various physical factors which affect the distribution of population .

Ans.1)Relief:-High mountains, rugged terrain and rocky plateau restrict settlements. Transportation is very difficult and the living conditions are not very favourable. The mountain ranges of Andes, Himalayas, Plateau and Rockies of Tibet are sparsely populated. On the other hand, plain areas of the world are most favourable places for habitation. Transportation is easy, rivers are navigable. In fertile lowlands of the Ganges and Bramhputra in India, Huang-Ho China, Nile, Mississippi, Tigris and several other places, a large concentration of population is found.

2)Climate:-People prefer to live in regions where temperature and rainfall is moderate. Excessive heat, cold, dryness or wetness cause discomfort. Hot and humid areas of equatorial region, cold desert of Siberia, hot desert of Sahara are the areas which are sparsely populated. On the other hand, favourable climatic conditions in the monsoon regions of India and Bangladesh attract large concentration of population.

3)Soil and Water:-Land, where the soil is fertile and there is adequate water supply, has high concentration of population. Water resources are very limited in deserts, so the population is sparse.

4)Vegetation:-Equatorial forests are dense, and in accessible, as compared to monsoon and coniferous forests, which are accessible.

Q4.Specify various components including in the composition of population.

Ans.The various components included in the composition of population are:-

1.Age structure

2.Sex-ratio

3.Litracy rate

Q5.What is the meaning of population?

Ans.The net change in population between two fixed periods of time in percentage is called the growth rate of population. The growth rate may be negative, if the population declines, and positive, if it increases during a given time period.

Q6.Why the population has grown?

Ans.The growth of population is affected by the birth rate, death rate and by the large scale migration. It increases when birth rate is more than the death rate or when the in-migration  is greater than out-migration.

Q7.1)it is concentrated in those areas which are rich in natural resources like fertile river valley basins and in industrially developed regions.

2)The population is sparse in regions where climatic conditions are not favourable for habitation, e.g. polar regions, hot deserts and thickly forested areas.

Q8.What is age structure? How does it reflect the working and non-working population?

Ans.Age Strcture:-Age structure of population is an important component of demographic structure. It refers to the number of people belonging to different age groups. Generally, the population is catagorised into three broad age groups, i.e.

·         People below 14 years comprising of young population.

·         People between 15 years to 59 years make up adult population.

·         People above 59 years and over as old population.

A large number of children below 15 years and those above 59 years come under dependent population. On the other hand, the number of people in the age group of  15-59 years is defined as the productive population as they are biologically most reproductive and economically.

Q9.Explain any three economic factors affecting distribution of population.

1.       Minerals:-Various mineral deposits like coal iron are has attracted huge population because these are the key minerals required for iron steel industry. Hot and dry areas of Australian deserts, Saudi Arabia and Sotuh Africa have attracted large group of migrants because of the availability of petroleum. Similarly, the hilly areas of Jharkhand have rich mineral resources attracting large industrial settlements.

2.       Industries:-An industrial labourer ears a higher wage then an agricultural labour. Industrial hubs attract people from far off places. The eastern part of the U.S.A, peninsular plateau in India and western Europe are some of the common examples which have a larder concentration of population mainly because they are highly industrialized.

3.       Developed Means of Transport:-People have settled down in distant places due to the development of efficient system of transport network. The economic climate of a region coupled with good network transport increases the mobility of the people and attracts large human settlements.

4.       Government Policies:-Political unrest in a region or discriminatory policies of a government against a group of people lead to migration. For e.g., the Persian Gulf War, Ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia and Sri Lanka, the brake up of Soviet Union resulted into movement of people.

Q10.What is the percentage of population living I different continents.

Ans.60% of the world’s population is living in Asia,15% in Africa,13.5% America,11% in Europe and 0.5% in Oceania.

Q11.Sex-ratio in the India is declining. Give your reasons to support the statement.

Ans.Sex-ratio in India is declining due to several reasons. OF these moat common are:

·         Preference for male child due to social, economic and religious reasons.

·         Infant mortality is higher among the girls than the boys because lack of proper medical facilities.

·         General neglect of female child during childhood is largely responsible for high female mortality rate.

·         Pre-natal sex determination have led to large scale practice of female foeticide.

Among the Indian states, the state of Kerala has highest sex-ratio of 1084 and Haryana has the lowest sex-ratio of 877 in the year 2011.

Q12.What is a literate person? Why is the literacy rate very important?

Ans.Literacy rate is the percentage of people who can read and write in a certain country in a certain language.

1.       Literacy rate is very important because it is essential for the development of the country.

2.       A literate person can understand the development of country.

3.       Literacy followed by skilful persons helps in the development of other resources of a country.

4.       The value of a country’s measured by its literacy rate. Therefore, literacy rate is very high.

Q13.Why should we give more importance to develop the well-being of human resource?

Ans. Population is an asset for the country rather than a liability. It is an important indicator of the socio-economic strength of a country. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in education, health and skill development. Thus, investment in human capital fields highest return, therefore, in the entire process of development, focus should be on the well-being of human being.

Q14.Name the regions that have low density of population. Why is it so?

Ans.The density of population is less than 100 persons per sq. km not only due to physical constraints and unfavourable climate but also due to slow economic development, poor infrastructure and several other factors. This includes North-Eastern and North -Western part of India and Western Rajasthan. The mountain Ranges of Andes, Himalayas, Plateau and Rockies of Tibet. For e.g., Hot Desert of Sahara.

 *Kindly update the data as per discussion in the class.

CLASS 10- POLITICAL SCIENCE

Challenges To Democracy

CHAPTER-8

Class-X

Q.1 How can democracy be more democratic in it's practice and outcomes ?

Ans. Indian democracy has many reforms :

 a. New laws can be introduced to ban undesirable things.

  b. It is important to improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

  c. Reforms in the political administration that would reduce the corruption in political  circles and the bureaucracy

Q.2 what are the features of a good democracy ?

Ans. (a)  Good democracy is the mode of government in which the rulers elected by the citizens make the decisions.

b. Elections must give a choice and an opportunity to the people to change the leaders.

c.  All the citizens of the country must have the opportunity to participate in the elections.

d. It is system wherein the citizens are ensured with their basic rights by the constitution. 

 Q.3 Explain the ways by which democracy ca be redefined in the democracy and make it more effective.

Ans. In democracy, people have extensive rights from right to vote ,to participate and stand in the elections or form a political organization .They also have socio-economic rights.

Democracy ensures that the views of the people who are in the minority must be respected.

In democracy caste, religion an d gender based discrimination  are eliminated over periods.

Q.4 What are the challenges faced by the Indian Democracy ?

Ans. A .Poverty is the major challenge ,when people are poor they are concerned about their basic needs and the political parties exploit theses weaknesses and corrupt practices play a major role in elections.

B  Casteism and communalism pose great problems to the functioning of democracy .Casteism and communal politics is dangerous to democracy.

Q.5 What are the various aspects of democratic governments and politics ?

Ans. Various aspects of the democratic politics and politics :

       (a) Democratic rights are not limited to right to vote, stand in elections and forming organizations .Democracy should offer social and economic rights to it's citizens.

(b) Power sharing is necessary in a democracy.

(c) Democracy cannot be the brute rule of majority and that respect for minority voice is necessary in democracy.

(d) Elimination of discrimination on the basis of caste ,religion and gender is important in democracy.

Q.6 What are the reforms need to decrease doctor's absenteeism ?

Ans. Government should make it compulsory to live in the village they are posted; otherwise their services should not be terminated.

Surprise raids to check the attendance of doctors by district administration and police should be carried out.

Village panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the doctor which should be read out in gram sabha meetings .

Uttar pradesh should be split up into several states for administration efficiency.

Q.7 Discuss two challenges that two democracy are facing .

a. Casteism : People from different states form different communities and they have differnet interests .Under this system the high paying and the respectable jobs are usually given more importance as compared to one religion and community

b. Communalism : It means to promote the ideas of practical religion. It believs that people belonging from one community are a member of other community .The British followed the policy of divide and rule  and created major differences in two communities ,Hindu and Muslim.

Q. 8 Explain the challenge of expansion in democracy.

Ans. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the challenge of expanding it to more social groups and religions follow their functioning.

a. Ensuring greater power to the local government.

b. Extension of federal unit to all the units of federations.

c. Inclusion of women and minority groups etc.

d. It also means that less and less decision should remain outside the political domain of democratic control.

e. Most of the countries including India and U.S face this challenge.

Q.9 What role can a common man can play in deepening democracy ?

Ans. No democracy can function without the enlightened citizens because they are the pillars of democracy. Citizens maintain a balance between government and public issues.

well informed and enlightened citizens form a healthy public opinion which puts  a check on unresponsive government policies.

Socially responsible citizens  also help in the regulation of reforms and can put a rash and unsocial conduct.

Hence ,strength of democracy lies in respecting its citizens and creating a atmosphere of fair and frank interaction and equal beings.

Q.10 How can communalism take various forms in politics ?

Ans. Communalism is based on the idea that the religions is the principal basis of social community.

Religious Form : The most formidable form of communalism is in everyday religious ideas of the people .The followers of one religion believe it to be  superior to other all religions .There is blind faith in one and contempt for all others.

Political form : Actually ,people of a particular religion want  maximum representation of their representation  of religion in politics and want to achieve political and social dominance over the country.

Forms of political mobilization:  Communalism in politics sometimes take the shape of political mobilization on the basis of communal lines. It involves the use of sacred symbols and religious leaders to appeal to the people of particular religion.

Forms of riot and physical violence : The most adverse form of communalism is that it may also lead to riots and violence .The people from various religions are in opposition to each others and use their violence to show their dominance of their religion .In this way it disturbs the social peace and cause turmoil.

Q.11 What do you understand by 'Counter Productive Law' ?

Ans. If there is any change ,it must carefully be looked at what results it will have on politics .Sometimes , the results may be counter productive .For example ,many states have banned  people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections .This has resulted in denial of political oppurtunity to many poor men and women which was not intended.

Generally ,the laws that seek to ban something are not successful in politics ,instead laws that give political actors incentives to do good things are more successful.

The best laws are those that carry out to and empower democratic reforms .The Right to information act is a good example of law that empowers people to find out what is happening in our government and act as a watchdogs of the democracy.

Q.12 How can the influence of money be decreased in politics ?

Ans. The financial accounts of every political party should be examined by the government auditors .There should be state funding of elections .Citizens should be encouraged to give more donations to parties and political workers .Such income should be exempted from Income tax.

Q.13 How can democracy be improved in practical form ?

Ans. Democratic principles should be reformed in practical form by strengthening the democratic practices and traditions .there is a need to enhance the political involvement of common citizens .The efforts of political organizations ,parties and movements can do this.

Q.14  How are social diversities accommodated in democracies ?

or

      How does democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens ?

Ans.  A. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. However we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences .Democracy is the best suited to produce this outcome.

B. Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences ,divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of a democratic government.

C. Social diversities can be accommodated by deliberation ,negotiation  and mutual understanding.

D. It can be accommodated by power sharing as in Belgium.

Q.15 How do expectations from democracy function as the criteria for judging a democratic country ?

Ans.1.As people get benefits of democracy ,they ask for more and want to make democracy even better .That is why we ask people about the way democracy functions ,they always come up with more expectations and complaints.

2.The fact that people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of the democracy ,it shows that people have developed awareness and ability to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.

3. A public expression of dissatisfaction  whose the success of the project ,it transforms people from the status of subject under a king into the status f that of a king into that of a citizen .Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference as how the government will work and to their own self interest.

Q.16 What challenges do non-democratic countries face in their way to democracy ?

Ans. Non-democratic countries face the foundational challenge of making transition to democracy and their instituting democratic government .This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic rule ,keeping military away from controlling the government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Q.17 Suggest any four guidelines that should be kept in mind while devising ways for political reforms in India.

Ans. a. People think of legal ways of reforming politics ,think of new laws to ban undesirable things .But this temptation needs to be resisted .Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage  wrong political practices and encourage the good ones .But legal constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy .Democratic reforms are to be carried out by political activists ,parties ,movements ,politically conscious citizens.

b. Any change that must be looked at what the results it will have on politics .Sometimes the results may be counter productive .Generally the laws that seek to ban something are not successful in politics .Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chance of working .The best laws are those , which empower people to carry out democratic reforms .

c. Democratic reforms are to brought about principally through political practice .Therefore ,the main focus of political reforms must be to increases and improve the quality of participation by ordinary citizens.

d. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how? It is not very wise to think that the legislatures will pass legislations that go against the interest of all political parties and M.Ps .But the measures that rely on democratic movements ,organizations and media are likely to succeed.

Q.18 Do you think that legal reforms in politics can bring about a change in the politics of a country ?

 Ans. Law has an important role to play in bringing about political reforms.

        Laws can help in discouraging wrong political practices and encourage good ones.

         However, these are not enough to bring about a complete change .The democratic       can be brought only  about when political activists ,administrators parties and politically conscious citizens carry out these reforms.

Q.19 How countries are facing the problem of fundamental challenges of sticking to democracy ?

Ans. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime ,keeping military away from controlling government and establishing a functional state.

Q.20 How challenge of deepening democracy is faced by every democracy ?

Ans. 1. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy .

         2. This should occur in such a way that people can realize their expectations of    democracy.

3. In general terms it means strengthening those institutions that help people's participation and control.

4. This requires and attempt to bring down the control and influence of the rich and the

powerful people in making governmental institutions.

Q.21 What are the basic rights of citizens for exercising voting rights ?

Ans.1. The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions.

        2. Elections must offer a choice and a fair oppurtunity to change the rulers

       3. The choice and oppurtunity should be available to all the people on an equal      basis.

       4. The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic ruler of the constitution and citizen rights.