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Satyamev Jayate S1 | Episode 10 | Untouchability | Full episode (Hindi)

Satyamev Jayate S1 | Episode 12 | Water | Full Episode (Hindi)

class 10- Power Sharing

CLASS-X CHAPTER-1 POWER SHARING Q.1. Describe the geographical and ethnic composition of Belgium. Ans. The geographical and ethnic composition of Belgium is given below: (a) Geographical composition: (i) Belgium is a small country in Europe. It is smaller in area than the State of Haryana in India. (ii) It has borders with Netherlands, France and Germany. (iii) Its population is little over one crore. It is half of the population of Haryana state. (b) Ethnic composition: (i) 59 percent of the population lives in the Flemish region. They speak Dutch language. (ii) 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region. They speak French. (iii) Remaining one per cent speak German. (iv) Brussels is the capital of Belgium. Here, 80 percent people speak French and 20 per cent speak Dutch. Thus, Belgium is a country of diversities based on languages. Dutch-speaking people are in majority in the country but in minority in the capital city of Brussels. Q.2. Describe the geographical and ethnic composition of Sri Lanka. Ans. The geographical and ethnic composition of Sri Lanka is given below: (a) Geographical composition: Sri Lanka is an island nation. (b) Ethnic composition: (i) Its population is about 2 crore. (ii) The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and Tamil-speakers (18 per cent). (iii) Tamil-speakers are further divided into two groups — Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. (iv) Sri Lankan Tamils are the natives of Sri Lanka. The Indian Tamils’ forefathers migrated from India as plantation workers during colonial period. (v) Sri Lankan Tamils live in the north and east of the country. (vi) There are different religions in Sri Lanka, namely. Buddhism, Hinduism. Islam and Christianity. Thus, there are different social groups, different languages and religions in Sri Lanka. Q.3. What is Majoritarianism? Describe the majoritarian measures taken by the leaders of the Sinhala community to establish their supremacy. What were its results? Or How did The Sri Lankan Tamils struggle for their demands? Ans. (a) Majoritarianism is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. (b) The Sinhala community took the following majoritarian measures to establish their supremacy. (i) ln 1956, Sinhala was recognized as the only official language. (ii) Preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs were followed. (iii) Under new constitution, it was stated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. (c) Results: (i) These measures increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. The relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities became worse. They felt that they were being denied equal political rights and were discriminated in government jobs and other opportunities. (ii) The Sri Lankan Tamils started struggle with following objects—recognition of Tamil as official language, regional autonomy or formation of Eelam in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka, equality of opportunity in education and jobs. (iii) By 1980’s several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It ultimately turned into a civil war. As a result of it, thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Although Sri Lanka has an excellent record of economic development education and health, yet the civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country Q.4. Describe the path of accommodation adopted in Belgium. What were its consequences? Ans. (a) Main features of the path of accommodation adopted by Belgian leaders were as given below: (i) Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. (ii) Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. No single community not even majority community (Dutch- speaking) can make decisions unilaterally. (iii) The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Governments. (iv) There is a separate government in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. Both the communities i.e., French-speaking and Dutch-speaking have equal representation in the Brussels government. (v) A third government which is called “community government” is elected by people belonging to one language community— Dutch, French and German-speaking — no matter where they live. The community government has power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. Thus, the Belgian model is based on the principle of accommodation and reciprocity. To accommodate each other there is equal representation in the Central Government as well as in the Brussels Government (b) Consequences : The system is complicated but useful. It has avoided conflicts between the two main communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. It was why the European Union has selected Brussels as its headquarters. Q.5. How the composition of the capital city of Brussels is different from Belgium as a country? Ans. In Belgium, the composition of different communities is as given below: (i) Dutch-speaking — 59 per cent (ii) French-speaking — 40 per cent (iii) German-speaking — 01 per cent On the other hand, the composition of Brussels is as follows (i) French-speaking — 80 per cent (ii) Dutch-speaking — 20 per cent Thus, Dutch-speaking people are in majority in the country but they are in minority in the capital city of Brussels. On the other hand, French-speaking people are in minority in the country but they are in majority in the capital city of Brussels. This composition of different communities has led to the acceptance of principle of accommodation in Belgium. Q.6.What do you learn from the principles followed in Belgium and Sri Lanka i.e., Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka and accommodation in Belgium? Ans. We learn the following lessons from the principles of Majoritarianism and accommodation followed in Sri Lanka and Belgium: (i) In Belgium, the leaders respected the feelings and interests of all communities and were successful in maintaining the unity of the country. They recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. They took various steps such as amendments to the constitution in order to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country the arrangements such as equal number of ministers of Dutch and French speaking people has worked successfully. (ii) On the other hand, majority community in Sri Lanka tried to force its dominance over other communities. It has brought the country nearer to a civil war and unity of the country is threatened. This shows the path of accommodation is better than that of Majoritarianism and power sharing must be followed. Q.7. Give Prudential and Moral reasons in favour of power sharing. Ans. (i) Prudential Reasons They stress that power sharing will bring out better customer. (a) They feel that power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (b) Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. (ii) Moral Reasons They emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable. (a) They feel that power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing powers with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. (b) So a legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a role in the system. Q. 8 How Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka was practiced? Ans. (i) Sri Lanka emerged as an independent nation in 1948. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. (ii) As a result, the democratically elected government adopted Majoritarianism measures to establish Sinhala’s supremacy. (iii) In 1954 an act was passed to recognize Sinhala, as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. (iv) The government followed policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. (v) With a new constitution, Buddhism was adopted as a state religion. Q9. What factors led to civil war in Sri Lanka? Ans. (i) Measures taken in Majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils. (ii) They feel that the constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against then in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interests. (iii) As a result the relations between Sinhalas and Tamil communities got strained over time. (iv) The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, regional autonomy and equality of opportunities in getting education and jobs. (v) By 1980’s several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Elam (state) in northern and north-eastern parts of Sri Lanka. (vi) The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Q.10. How Belgian government solved its ethnic problem? Ans. In Belgium leaders recognized the existence of regiona1differencs and i1tural diversities. In the following manner Belgian government accommodated their diverse ethnic population: (i)Constitution says that number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall he equal in the Central government. Thus no single community can make decisions unilaterally. (ii) Many powers of the central government have been given to state government of the two regions of the country. The State governments are not subordinate to the Central government. (iii) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. (iv) There is a third kind of government, called ‘Community Government’. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community — Dutch, French and German speaking— no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. These arrangements helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. Q.11 What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of them. Ans. (i) Power shared among different organs of the government. (a) It is called horizontal distribution of power. (b) Here the power is shared in legislature, executive and judiciary. (c) It allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. (d) ln this kind of government each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of VI among various institutions. (e) This arrangement is called’ a system of checks and balances. e.g. India. (ii) Power is shared among governments at different levels (a) It is also called Vertical distribution of power. (b) There is a government at the central level and the government at the state level also. (c) This kind of government is also called as federal division of power or federal government. (d) Here subjects or their functions are divided and they work at their own levels within their own limits. e.g. — India. (iii) Power shared among different social groups (a) It is practiced when power is shared in religious and linguistic groups. (b) In some countries socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. (c) In India there is a system of reserved constituencies, to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups. (d) This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. (iv) Power is shared in political parties, pressure groups and movements (a) In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose various contenders for power. (b) In contemporary democracy this takes place in the form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. (c) Sometimes the power is shared among various political parties, which is called coalition government. (d) In a democracy, we find interest groups of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also have a share in governmental powers, either through participation or bringing influence on the decision making process. Q. 12. What are the main principles of democracy? Ans. (i) One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power. (ii) In a democracy people rule themselves through institution of self-governance. (iii) In democracy due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. (iv) Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Q.13. Why some Tamils are called Indian Tamils? Ans. They are called Indian Tamils because their forefathers had migrated from India as plantation workers during the colonial period. Q.14. What is Majoritarianism? Ans. It is a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. Q.15. What do you understand by civil war? Ans. Civil war is a violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense that it appears like a war. Q.16. Explain the concept of “community government” in Belgium. Ans. Community government is elected by people belonging to one language community i.e., Dutch, French and German and has power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues. Q.17. Explain the principle of accommodation as followed in Belgium. Ans. Under this arrangement, the Belgian leaders recognized the existence of differences and cultural diversities and respected the feelings and interests of all communities and regions and made mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Q.18. What is prudential? Ans. It is based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Q.11 What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Ans. Four-- Among different organs of government; among governments at different levels; Among different social groups; and Among political parties, pressure groups and movements

CLASS -IX GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1 (INDIA-SIZE AND LOCATION)

CHAPTER 01 India - Size and Location Main Facts :- 1. Location – Entirely lies in Northern Hemisphere. 2. Latitudinal extent -804’ N and 360 7’N . 3. Longitudinal extent – 680 7’E and 97025’E . 4. Southern most point –Indira point. 5. Land frontier -15200 km . 6. Coast line -7516.6 km . 7. Total geographical area -3.28 million sq km . 8. %age of total world area – 2.4% . 9. Position in the world according to size –India is 7th largest large country after Russia ,Canada ,USA ,China ,Brazil ,Australia . 10. North to south distance -3214 km . 11. East to west distance -2933 km . 12. Tropic of cancer -23030’N . 13. Standard meridian -82030’. 14. Indian main land –It refers to the country stretch of land mass from Jammu &Kashmir to Kannyakumari and from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh . 15. INDIAN Union –It refers to the federation of India comprising 29 states and 7 union territories . 16. Land locked – a term often used for states and countries completely surrounded by land . 17. Suez canal –Opened in 1869 India s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7000 km . Q1 Name the group of islands lying in Arabian sea ? Ans. Lakshadweep islands . Q2 Name the countries which are larger than India ? Ans. Russia Canada USA ,China ,Brazil ,Australia . Q3 Which island group of India lies to its south ? Ans. Andaman and Nicobar island . Q4 Which island countries are our southern neighbors’? Ans. Sri Lanka and Maldives . Q5 The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but the watches show the same time .How does this happen? Ans. The earth takes 24hours to complete one rotation (3600)on its axis In other words the Earth rotates at a pace of 150per hour . As a longitudinal extent of India is about 300 longitudes ‘ the sun rises two hours earlier in the eastern most part of India i.e… Arunachal Pradesh than in western most part i.e. Gujarat but the watches show same time throughout the country .Every country observe its standard time otherwise there will be chaos and confusion . Q6 The central location of India at the head of Indian ocean is considered of great significance .Why ? Ans 1 Some thickly populated countries of world like china Japan south east Asia lies very close to us this enables to established trade an cultural relations with these countries. 2 Due to central location India occupies a strategic position and commercially favorable locations in respect of Africa Asia Australia . 3 India is also connected with Europe as well as North and South America though both the routes of Cape of good hopes and Suez canal . 4 Busy air route also passes through India connecting east south –east Asia on one hand and Europe and America on the other . Q7 Name the factors which make India a great country ? Ans. 1) loafty mountains and mighty rivers . 2) Rich natural economic and human resources. 3) Old rich unique civilizations and culture. 4) Large size of country . Q8 India has a important position on the globe .How? Ans. 01 India is situated in the realm of South Asia. 02 It is centrally located in relation to Asia Australia and Europe 03 It is more or less in triangular shape . Q9 Name two oceanic routes that connect India with Europe ? Ans. Suez canal and Cape of good hope . Q10 Give reason .Why? A) Ahmadabad will see sun over head twice in a year Ans. The sun shines overhead at noon twice a year at all the places which are situated between the equator and the Tropic of cancer , In the Northern hemisphere since Ahmadabad fall with in this limit, it sees the sun over head twice in the year . B) India is often referred to as Sub-continent ? Ans. India has all the characteristics which it sub –continent .It is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas in the north and the three seas –Arabian sea , Bay of Bengal ,Indian ocean in south. C) The latitudinal and longitudinal extend of India is 300 but north- south extent is bigger than East –West extent .why? Ans. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India is 300 but in the terms of km the average distance of 10 latitude is about 111km which remains same every where but the distance of 10 longitude is about 111km at the equator and become zero at the poles .The east west distance is measured between 240and250 N latitude where the average distance of 10 longitude is about 100km .in km the latitudinal extent is 29X111=3200KM and longitudinal extent is 29X100=2900KM .Therefore there is difference of 300km in that . Q11 Why is 82030”E selected as standard meridian of India ? Ans. The earth in its own rotation covers 150of longitude in one hour .So, the place located on the different longitudes has different local times .In order to have a uniform system of finding time , world has been divided into 24 time zones .Each time zone is chosen standard meridian which must be in the multiple of 150or71/2 .Since 82030”E is a central longitude of India .It is selected as standard meridian and local time is IST of whole country . IST is 51/2 hours ahead of greenwhich mean time . Q12 What is latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India .Explain its importance? Ans. 1) Latitudinal extent influence duration of day and night . 2) Longitudinal extent influences time. 3) It gives at us understanding of climate and weather in different regions. 4) Latitudes and longitudes help to understand and locate the geographical location on glob pattern. Q14 India strategic location on the head of Indian ocean has helped her in a establishing land and many time contacts with the out side world in the ancient and medieval times. Explain? Ans. 01) In ancient time and medieval times the land and the seas played Important role in establishing contacts with the outside world . The central and strategic location of India on the head of India ocean was a great advantage .Countries of East Africa West Asia and South-East Asia could be reached through routes .Hence India , established close cultural and commercial contact with the countries. 02) The ancient silk route passed through India connected to East with West . 03) The interaction with the peoples of other countries and exchange of ideas and goods dates back of ancient time. 04) The ideas of Upnishads , the Ramayan the Mahabharta the stories of Panchtantra the Indian numerals and the decimal system could reach various parts of globe. 05) The spices Muslins and other merchandise were taken from India to different countries. 06) On the other hand the influences of Greek sculpture and the architectural styles of domes and minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of countries .

Class X- GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER -1 Resources and Development

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-1 CLASS-X Q1. Explain the following diagram. Ans. (i) Human Being interact with nature. (ii) They use technology to transform material Available in our environment into resources. (iii) They create institutions to accelerate their Resource development. Q2.Differentiate between Renewable and Non-Renewable resources. RENEWABLE NON- RENEWABLE 1.They can be renewed or reproduced. 1. They occur over a very long geological time. 2. They can be used over the years again and again. 2. They get exhausted once used and cannot be used again. 3. They are abundantly available. 3. They are available in limited quantity. 4. For eg. Solar and wind energy, water , forests and wildlife etc. 4. For eg. Fossil Fuels and other minerals. Q3. What problems do human beings face with the indiscriminate use of resources? Ans. (i) Depletion of resources for resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (ii) Accumulation of resources in few hands leading to the division of society into two segments – haves and haves not. Q4. Classify the resources on the basis of status of development. Ans. Resources on the basis of status of development are:- (i) Potential Resources: (a) Resources which are found in a region but have not been utilized. (b) Western parts of the India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. (ii) Developed resources: (a) Reserves which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. (b) The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. (iii) Stocks: (a) Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access them. (b) Water is a compound of two inflammable gases and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose, hence, it can be considered as stock. (iv) Reserves: (a) It can be put into use with help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. (b) These can be used for creating future requirement. (c) Use of rivers water for hydro-electricity. Q5. What is the need of resource planning in India? Explain your answers with the help of examples. Ans. Resources planning is necessary in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resource. Needs: (i) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resource but are deficient in some other resources. (ii) There are some regions which are self-sufficient and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. Examples: (i)The state of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and M.P. are rich in minerals and coal deposits. (ii) Arunachal Pradesh has abundant water resources but lacks in infrastructural development. (iii) The state of Rajasthan has enough solar energy and wind energy but lacks in water resources. (iv) The cold desert of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but is deficient in water, infrastructures and some vital minerals. This calls for a balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels. Q6. What is the need of equitable distribution of resources? Ans. (i) It is essential for a sustained quality of life and global piece. (ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger. (iii) Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. Q7. What were Gandhi’s views on conservation? Ans. Gandhiji were very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation. (i) He said there is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed. (ii) He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of the modern technology as the root cause for the resource depletion at the global level. (iii)He was against the mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. Q8. What is the Importance of land? Ans. We live on land , perform different economic activities on land and we use it in different ways: (i) Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. (ii) It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life and transport and communication systems. Q9. “India is a land of varied relief features”, elucidate your answers with the importance of these features. Ans. India’s main relief features are as following: (i) Plains: About 43% of the land area is plains. It provides facilities for agriculture and industry. (ii)Mountains: It accounts for 30%of the total surface area of the country. It ensures perennial flow of some rivers and also provides facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. (iii)Plateaus: About 27% of the area of the country is the plateau region. It possess rich reserves of minerals fossil fuels and forests. Q10.What efforts were made for resource planning in the first five year plan? Ans. (i) The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region . But we are still managing the cattle population in India by preparing fodder for them. (ii) There are many regions in our country which are economically backward. Whereas there are some regions which have poor resource base but economically developed . (iii) Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development. (iv) In India development or resource development resource development does not only mean the availability of resource but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people. Q11.Describe the land use pattern of India. Ans. (i) Pasture Land:The land under permanent pasture is very low and is further decreasing .But we are still managing the cattle population in India by preparing fodder for them. (ii) Net Sown Area (NSA): It is about 54% in India. It includes the current fallow land,in which the cost of cultivation is high due to its poor quality . The pattern of net sown area varies from region to region. It is about 80% of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar islands. (iii) Forest Area: It is far lower than desired 33% of the geographical area. It is considered essential for maintaining ecological balance. like settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc. Q12. What are the causes of land degradation? What are the ways to solve this problem? Ans. Causes of land degradation : (i) Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is done, leaving deep scars of over burdening .In states like Odisha, Jharkhand ,M.P. ,Chhattisgarh ,deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. (ii) Over grazing in states like Gujarat , Rajasthan , M.P. , and Maharashtra is one of the main reasons behind land degradation. (iii) Mineral Processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantities of dust in the atmosphere . It stops the infiltration of water in the soil. (iv) Industrial effluents as wastes have become a major source of land pollution in many parts of our country. (v) Over- Irrigation and water logging leads to increased salinity and alkalinity in the states of Punjab , Haryana , western U.P. , leading to land degradation. Ways to check the Land Degradation: (i) Afforestation and Proper Management of grazing can help to check land degradation. (ii) Planting of shelter belts help in checking the sand causing land degradation near the deserts. (iii) Over grazing can be avoided and can be checked. (iv) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes can also check the land degradation. (v) Proper management of Waste land can be done. (vi) Control on mining activities, so that mining should not affect the degradation of the land by refilling the scars on it. (vii) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial areas. Q13. What is soil erosion? What are the main causes of soil erosion? Ans. Denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down is known as soil erosion. Causes of soil erosion: (i) Due to human activities like deforestation, over grazing, construction and mining ,etc. (ii) Natural forces like wind, glacier and water leads to soil erosion. (iii) The running water cuts through clayey soils and make deep channels known as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation, this process is called gully erosion and the land is called bad land and ravines in Chambal basin. (iv)Sometimes water flows as sheet over large areas down a slope. It leads to washing of top soil. This process is called sleet erosion. (v) Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, called as wind erosion. (vi) Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Q14.What are the various methods of soil conservation? Ans. Methods of soil conservation: (i) Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can check the flow of water down the slopes. It is called contour ploughing. It can be practiced on the hills. (ii)Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut on the slopes making terraces. It restricts soil erosion. It is practiced in western and central Himalayas . (iii)Strip Cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the forces of wind. This method is called Strip Cropping. (iv)Planting of shelter belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also checks the soil erosion. Rows of such trees are called Shelter Belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing desert in western India. Q15.Describe features of alluvial and black soils. Name the places where these are found in India. Ans. These features of the soils are explained as follow: (i) Alluvial Soils:(a)Features: (i) The alluvial soils consist of sand , silt and clay. (ii) These soils contain adequate proportion of potash , phosphoric acid and lime. (iii) These soils are ideal for the growth of sugarcane , paddy , wheat , and other cereal crops.(iv) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and need proper treatment and irrigation. (v) These soils are of two types- old alluvial soil known as bangar and new alluvial soil known as khadar. (b) Places: These soils are found in the entire northern plains , Rajasthan , Gujarat ( a narrow corridor) , eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi , the Godavari , the Krishna and the Kaveri Rivers. (ii) Black soils:(a) Features: (i) These soils are black in colour. (ii) These soils are known as regur soils also. (iii) They can hold the moisture. (iv) They are made of clayey material. (v) these soils are ideal for growing cotton and is known as black cotton soil. (vi) they are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium , potash and lime. (vii) They are poor in phosphoric contents. (viii) They develop deep cracks during hot weather. (ix) These soils become sticky when wet. (b) Places: It is found in Deccan trap( basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra ,Saurashtra , malwa , Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh , and extent in the south east direction along the Godavari and Krishna valleys. Q16. Describe the features of red and yellow soils and laterite soils, Mention the places where they are found in India. Ans. (i) Red and yellow soils: (a) Features (i) These soils develop reddish colour due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow in hydrated form. (ii) They are highly porous and fertile whet they are finely grained and deep. (b) Places: They are found in parts of Odisha ,Chattisgarh , southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of western ghats. (ii) Laterite soils: (a) Features (i) Humus content of the soil is slow. (ii) They lack in elements of fertility and are low value for crop production. (iii) They are composed of little clay and much gravel of red sandstones. (iv) They are suitable for cultivation with manures and fertilization. (b) Places : They are found in Karnataka, Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. Q17.Describe the features of arid soils and Forest areas. Mention the places where they are found in India. Ans. (i)Arid Soils: (a) Features (i) They range from red to brown in colour. (ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. (iii) In some areas , the soil contains high percentage of soluble salts and lacks in organic matter.(iv) Soil lacks in humus and moisture. (v) The lower horizons of this soil are occupied by kankar. (vi) These soils can become cultivable if irrigation facilities are made available as has been in the case of western Rajasthan. (b) Places: These soils are found in arid areas of Rajasthan , Punjab and Haryana. (ii) Forest Soils:(a) Features: (i) They are found in mountainous area. (ii) They are loamy and silty in valley slides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.(iii) In the snow covered areas of the Himalayas they are acidic with low humus content. Q18. Give the importance of soil. Explain factors responsible for soil formation. Ans. (a) Soil is the most renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the Earth . (b) The soil is a living system .It takes millions to form soil up t a few centimeter in depth. Important factors responsible for the soil formation are as follows: (i) Rocks: Parent rock or the bed rock on which the soils are formed , disintegrate and decompose under the process of weathering and erosion. (ii) Climate: It determines the rate of weathering and the type of vegetation. (iii) Slope: It decides the accumulation of soils. (iv) Various forces of nature such as change in temperature , actions of running water, wind and glaciers , activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil. (v) Chemical and organic changes too play their in the formation of soil. Q19. Classify the resources on the basis of ownership. Ans. On the basis of ownership resources are classified as: (i) Individual resources. (a) They are owned privately by individuals. (b) Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by the government against the payment of resource. (c) Plantation, pasture lands, etc., are some examples of individual resource. (ii) Community owned resources. (a) These resources are used by all the members of the community. (b) Village commons, burial grounds, public parks, picnic spot, playground, etc. are accessible to all the people living there. (iii) National resources: (a) Technically all the resources in a nation belong to the nation . (b) All the minerals , water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries are all national resources. (iv) International Resources: (a) These are international institutions which regulate some resources. (b) The oceanic resources beyond the 200 nmi of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of these international institutions.

CLASS-10 REVISION ASSIGNMENT