class -9 Natural vegetation and wildlife

https://www.dropbox.com/s/sor4gi2bmhwwe85/Natural%20vegetation%20%20Class%20%20IX_Oct%202015.pdf?dl=0

class 9- climate Chapter Question and Answers

https://www.dropbox.com/s/5bqte0eb3takcre/Class%20IX%20Geo%20%20Climate.docx?dl=0

Class 10 (Mineral and Energy Resources)

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Class 10- Agriculture

AGRICULTURE CLASS X Q. 1. Why India is called an agricultural Country? Ans. (1) Two thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. (ii) Agriculture is a primary activity which produces most of the food that we consume. (iii) It also produces raw material for various industries. (iv) Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported to get foreign exchange Q2.What is primitive subsistence farming? Ans (i) It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools. (ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of the soil. (iii) It is also called slash and burn agriculture. Q3.What is ‘slash and bum’ agriculture? Ans(i) In it farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other crops to sustain their family. (ii) When he soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. (iii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmers do not use any modern inputs. Q4.Describe the intensive subsistence farming. Ans(i) This type of farming is practiced in area of high population pressure on land. (ii) It is labour- intensive farming. (iii) In it, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. Due to law of inheritance, the land-holding size has reduced and the farmers try to get maximum output from the limited land. Q5.What are the main features of commercial farming? Ans (i) In commercial farming they make use of higher doses of modem inputs e.g., high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, etc. (ii) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. (iii) e.g., Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop. Plantation is also a type of commercial crop. Q6.Give main characteristics of plantation farming. Ans(1) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. (2) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. (3) Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourer. (4) All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. Q7.Describe the three cropping seasons of India. Ans(1) Rabi Crops: (a) Sown in winters and harvested in summers. (b) Some of the important Rabi crops are wheat barley, peas, gram and mustard. (c) States growing Rabi crops are Punjab, Haryana, Himachal & K Uttarakhand and U.P. (2) Kharif Crops: (a) Grown with the onset of monsoons and harvested in September or October. (b) Important states are: Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra. (c) Crops grown during this season are: rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut arid soyabean. (3) Zaid Season: (a) It falls in between the rabi and kharif seasons. (b) It’s a short season during the summer months. (c) Major crops grown are: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumbers, vegetables and fodder crops. - Q8.Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice. Ans(i) It requires high temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100cms. (ii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. (iii) In Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh rice are grown with the help of irrigation facilities. Q9.Give a brief description of cereal crop wheat. Ans(i) It’s the main food crop of North and North Western part of India. (ii) It’s a rabi crop. (iii) It requires cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. (iv) It requires 50 to 75cms of rainfall annually, evenly distributed over the growing season. (v) The major wheat producing states are Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan and Parts of M.P. Q10.Which important millets are grown in India? Give a brief description of them. Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are three important millets. Ans(i) Ragi: Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, arid other micro nutrients arid roughage. It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. Karnataka is the largest producer followed by Tamil Nadu. (ii) Jowar: It is a rain fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. Maharashtra is the largest producer followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. (iii) Bajra: It grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. Q11.What kind of pulses are grown in India and in which cropping season? Ans(i) Pulses are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. (ii) Major pulses grown in India are: tur, urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. (iii) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. (iv) They are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. Being leguminous, they regain the fertility of the soil. Q12.Under what conditions coffee is grown and in which states it is grown? Ans(i) Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality. (ii) The ‘Arabica variety’ brought from Yemen is produce in India. (iii) This variety is in great demand all over d world. (iv) Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and today its cultivation is limited to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Q13. Which fruits are grown in India? Ans: (i) Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Utter Pradesh and West Bengal (ii) Oranges: Nagpur and Cheerapunji. (iii) Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Mahrashtra and Tamil Nadu. (iv) Litchi and Guava: U.P, and Bihar. (v) Pineapples: Meghalaya. (vi) Grapes: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. (v) Apple, peas, apricots and walnuts J& K and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over. Q. 14. What do you know about rubber plantation in India? Ans. (I) Rubber is an equational crop hut is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cms and temperature above 25°C. (iii) It is grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo Hills of Meghalaya India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producer. Q. 15. What climatic conditions are required for cotton? Ans. (i) Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau. (ii) It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation. (iii) It also requires 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth. It’s a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature. Q.16. Prepare a note on ‘Jute Production in India.’ Ans. (1) Jute is known as the golden fibre. (ii) It grows well on well-drained soils in the flood ls where soils are renewed every year. Qui’ (iii) High temperature is required during the time of growth. (iv) West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa, and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states. (v) It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. Q. 17. What was the need of bringing Techno-institutional reforms? Ans. (i) Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. (ii) Sustained uses of land without some techno-institutional reforms have hindered the pace of agricultural development. (iii) Inspite of development of sources of irrigation, most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoons and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses serious problem, thus demanding techno-institutional reforms. Q. 18. What efforts are made by the government to modernize agriculture? Ans. (1) Government has established an Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Agricultural universities to promote agriculture. (ii) Veterinary services and animal breeding centers are opened for healthy cattle. (iii) Efforts are made to develop Horticulture. (iv) Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, was given priority. (v) Rural Infrastructure was also improved. Q.19. Why are farmers committing suicides in several states of the country? Ans The growth rate of agriculture is decelerating. (i) Today Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition (ii) Our government has reduced public investments in agriculture sector particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, markets and mechanization. (iii) {iii) Subsidy on fertilizers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production. (iv) Import duties on agricultural products have reduced. (v) Thus, farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture leading to suicides by the farmer. Q. 20. Give the characteristics of crop used both as food and fodder, Ans. (i) It is maize, which is a Kharif crop. (ii) It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old alluvial suit. (iii) Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers and irrigation have contributed the increasing production of maize. (iv) Major Maize producing states are: Karnataka, U.P., Bihar Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh. Q. 21. What geographical conditions are required for tea cultivation? Give the major tea producing states also. Ans. Geographical Requirements: (Tea) (i) It is grown well in tropical and subtropical climates with deep and fertile, well drained soil, rich in humus and Organic matter. (ii) Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate all through the year. (iii) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth & tender tea leaves. Tea-Producing States: Assam, hills of Darjee1ing, Jalpaiguri, District, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura Q. 22. Enlist the various technological arid institutional Reforms are introduced by time Government in the interest of farmers. Ans. Institutional Reforms: (i) Collectivization and consolidation of all small holdings. (ii) Abolition of Zamindari system. (iii) Various other land reforms like ceiling on land holdings were introduced. (iv) Provision for crop insurance against draught, flood or cyclone. (v) Establishment of Grameen Banks and cooperative societies and banks for providing loan to farmers. (vi) Kissan credit cards, personal accidental insurance scheme were also introduced by the Government. (v) Special Weather Bulletins for farmers were introduced in T.V. and Radio. Technological Reforms (i) Green Revolution in agriculture and White Revolution in milk were introduced (ii) Tractors, harvesters, threshers and tube wells, etc. technological devices were introduced. (iii) For better production, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides were also produced (iv) The government also announced minimum support price, which checks exploitation of farmers by speculators and middleman...

class -10 Federalism

Ch-2 Federalism Q1. What is federalism? Ans: i. Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituents units of the country. ii. A federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interests. iii. The others are government at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administeration of their state. iv. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other. Q2. What is unitary form of government? Ans. i. Under the unitary system, either there is only one level of government or the sub units are subordinate to the central government. ii. The central government can pass on orders to the provincial or the local governments. Q3. Mention the key features of federalism. Ans. i. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government. ii. Different tiers of government govern the same citizen but each tier has its own JURISDICTION in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration. iii. The jurisdictions of the respective levels of the respective government are specified in the constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed. iv. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unliterary changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government. v. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government. The highest court acts as a umpire if dispute arise between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers. vi. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy. vii. The federal system has thus dual objectives: to safeguard and promote unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity. Q4. What are the different forms of federalism ? Ans. There are two different forms of federation- 1. Coming together federations i. This form involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security. ii. This type of federalism include the USA, Switzerland and Australia. In the first category of federations, all the constituent states usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. 2. Holding together federations i. The second form is where a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. ii. India, Spain and Belgium are examples of this kind of ‘ holding together’ federations. iii. In this second category, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the states. iv. Very often different constituent units of the federations have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers. Q5. What makes India a federal country? Ans. i. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government and the Central Government. Later, a third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. ii. The Constitution clearly provided a three- fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments as Union list, State list and concurrent list. iii. ‘Holding together’ do not give equal powers to its constituent units. Thus all the states in the Union of India do not give equal power. Some states enjoy a special status like Jammu and Kashmir. iv. It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing arrangement. The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both different process and methods like Simple majority, Specific majority and specific majority with ratification. v. The judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision. vi. The Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in order to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each of them. Q6. How constitutional changes are made in federal systems? Ans. i) It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing arrangement ii) Any change to it has to be passed by both houses with two- third majority. iii) The Parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. iv) Then, it has to be ratified by the legislatures of half of total states. Q7. What is Decentralization? What is rationale for decentralization of power in India? Ans. When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called decentralization. i) Many states in India are as large as independent countries of Europe. For ex- in terms of population, Uttar Pradesh is bigger than Russia. Many of these States are internally very diverse. ii) The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. iii) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities. iv) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently. Q8. Describe the major changes introduced by the government in 1992 to make the third-tier of democracy or local government more powerful and effective. Ans. To make the third-tier of democracy or local government more powerful and effective, the government made following changes through 73rd and 74th amendment:- i) Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies. ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes. iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. iv) An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each State to conduct panchayat and municipal elections. v) The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from State to State. Q9. Give a brief description of rural, local government of India. OR Give a brief description of Panchayati Raj in India. Ans. i) Rural local government is popularly known by the name panchayati raj. ii) Each village, or a group of villages in some States, has a grampanchayat. iii) This is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch, and a president or sarpanch. iv) They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village. v) It is the decision-making body for the entire village. vi) The panchayat works under the overall supervision of the gram sabha. vii) All the voters in the village are its members. Q10. How is Zilla Parishad formed? Ans. i) A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. ii) The members of this representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area. iii) All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the Zilla (district) Parishad. Q11. Which are the local bodies in urban areas? What is their composition? OR What do you know about local government for the urban areas? Ans. i) Local government bodies exist for urban areas as well. Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal corporations. ii) Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives. iii) Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In a municipal corporation such an officer is called the mayor. Q12. Describe the achievements of new system of local governments. Ans. i) This new system of local government is the largest experiment in democracy conducted anywhere in the world. ii) There are now about 36 lakh elected representatives in the panchayats and municipalities etc., all over the country. iii) Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy in our country. iv) It has also increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy. v) There is now uniformity in local bodies across the country. Q13. Mention the problems faced by local government bodies. Ans. i) While elections are held regularly and enthusiastically, gram sabhas are not held regularly. ii) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to the local governments. States have also not given adequate resources. Q14. Give major ways in brief, how federalism is practiced, strengthened, in India? Ans. Federalism is practiced in the following ways:- i) Linguistic States a) In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new States. b) This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State. c) Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. d) The formation of linguistic sates have actually made the country, more united. It has also made administration easier. ii) Language Policy a) Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Many non-Hindu states demanded use of English as official language and it was accepted. b) Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. c) Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. d) The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in. iii) Centre- State relations a) Earlier, the Central Government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the State governments that were controlled by rival parties. This undermined the spirit of federalism. b) All this changed significantly after 1990. This period saw the rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. c) This was also the beginning of the era of COALITION GOVERNMENTS at the Centre. d) If no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government called as Coalition government. e) This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Governments. Q15. How legislative being distributed among three-tiers of the government by the Constitution? OR Describe the distribution of power between Centre and State in India. Ans. Legislative powers are divided in the following manner:- 1) Union List It includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. 2) State List It contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List. 3) Concurrent List It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail. 4) Residuary Subjects Subjects like Computer Software that came up after the Constitution was made are included in Residuary Subjects. According to our Constitution, the Union Government has the power to legislate on these “Residuary Subjects” Q16. Describe the special powers or provisions for some states in India. Ans. The Constitution of India does not grant equal powers to all states. Some states enjoy special status as given below:- i) Jammu & Kashmir Under Article 370, Jammu & Kashmir has its own Constitution are not applicable to this state without the approval of the State Assembly. Indians who are not permanent residents of this state cannot buy land or house there. Amendment to the Indian Constitution, under article 368, cannot apply without the concurrent of Jammu & Kashmir government. ii) North eastern and smaller states have been given more representation in Rajya Sabha. iii) North-eastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram have a sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and culture which can be retained under article 371. iv) There are some units of the Indian Union which enjoy very little power .These are areas which are too small to become an independent State but which could not be merged with any of the existing States. These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called Union Territories. These territories do not have the powers of a State. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas. Q17. Write a short note on Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal. Ans. i) A few gram Panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat samiti or block or Mandal. ii) All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals or Blocks in a district together constitute Zilla Parishad. iii) The members of this representative body(Mandals) are elected by all the Panchayat member in that area. Q18. How India emerged as a federal country? Ans. i) India emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partitions. Soon after independence several princely states became a part of our country. ii) The constitution declared India as a Union of States. iii) Although it did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the principle of federalism.

class 9 - drainage

GEOGRAPHY Class IX Chapter 3 - DRAINAGE Q1. What do you mean by water divide? Give an example. Ans. Any elevated area such as mountains or an upland which separates two drainage basins are called water divide. For example Ambala is the water divide because it divides the Indus & the Ganga drainage system. Q2. Which is the largest river basin in India? Ans. Ganga is the largest river basin in India. Q3. Where do the rivers Indus & Ganga have their origin? Ans. The origin of Indus is in Tibet near Lake Mansarowar. The origin of Ganga is in Gangotri glacier with its two headstreams Alaknanda & Bhagirathi. Q4. Name the two headstreams of the Ganga. Where do they meet to form Ganga? Ans. The two headstreams of Ganga are Alaknanda & Bhagirathi which joins at Devaprayag at Uttrakhand to form Ganga. Q5. Why does the Brahmaputra in its Tibetan part less silt, despite a longer course? Ans.1. Its basin is made up of metamorphic rocks. 2. In Tibet the river carries a smaller volume of water, less silt, it is cold & dry area. Q6.Which two peninsular rivers flow through trough? Ans. Narmada & Tapi are two peninsular rivers flow through trough. Q7. State some economic benefits of rivers & lakes? Ans. Some economic benefits of rivers & lakes are: 1. Besides water Rivers carries sediments, dissolved water & less silt which are essential for agricultural & industrial development. 2. Rivers provides water for irrigation inland, navigation, many industries & domestic purposes. 3. Rivers water is also used for generating hypo electricity. 4. River water is also used for pisci culture & afforestation. 5. Plain surfaced valley of rivers is very fertile & ideal for agricultural operation. Q8. What is Indus water treaty? Ans. Indus water treaty is a treaty between India & Pakistan, according to which India can use only 20% of the total water carried by Indus river system. Haryana & Punjab used it for irrigation purposes. Q9.Discuss the significant differences between Himalayan river & Peninsular river. Himalayan river Peninsular river 1. They are perennial as they rise in the snow covered mountains. 1. They do not rise in snow covered mountains, their flow is dependent on rainfall so they run dry in summers. 2. As they flow in leveled northern plains, they are useful for irrigation & navigation. 2. As they flow on uneven rocky land, are not useful for irrigation & navigation. 3. They bring the fertile alluvium soil & deposit them in the indoor gangetic plains. 3. Since these rivers bring no alluvium so the depositional is quiet negligible. 4. Soil of the gangetic plains being porous. It absorbs lot of rain water which is used as grown water by digging wells, tube wells for irrigation, industrial & domestic purposes. 4. The soil of Deccan plateau is rocky, so it does not absorb water. Canals cannot be dug from them. But dams are build to store flood water. 5. The Himalayas rivers were have courses from their source to the sea & they perform intensive erosional activity. 5. The peninsular rivers have shorter & shallower courses as compare to Himalayan rivers. They also perform less erosional activity. Q10. Compare the east & west flowing rivers of peninsular plateau? West flowing East flowing 1. These rivers flow westward vary swiftly. The Narmada & Tapi flow through the rift valleys. 1. These rivers flow eastward. For example Mahanadi, Krishna & Kaveri. 2. Accept Narmada & Tapi these rivers have small courses. 2. These rivers have long courses, large basins & deep valleys. 3. These rivers do not form deltas. 3. Accept Mahanadi, most of the rivers have their own origin on western ghats. 4. The Narmada & Tapi form estuaries. 4. These rivers form deltas on their mouth. 5. These rivers fall into Arabian sea. 5. These rivers flow down into Bay of Bengal. Q11. Mention the main features of sunderban deltas. Ans. The main features of sunderban deltas are: I. The sunderban delta derived its name from the Sundari trees which well in marshland. II. It is the world’s largest & fastest growing delta. It is also the home of Royal Bengal tiger. Q12. Why South Indian Rivers are not navigable? Ans. South Indian rivers are not navigable because: I. The mountains from where south Indian rivers rise are not snow covered. These rivers are seasonal & dry up in summer. II. These rivers flow in a uneven rocky surface 7 have a steep gradient. III. Several dams have been constructed across the river channels which make them unfit for navigable Q13. What is river pollution? What are the major sources responsible for water pollution of the river? Ans. Untreated sewage of water & huge quantities of Industrial influences which are dumped into the water of rivers & make it polluted. This contamination is called water pollution, which makes water unfit for drinking purpose. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Following are the major sources of water pollution of the rivers:  Untreated sewage of big towns & cities situated on the rivers (Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi etc.) is developed into the river water.  Heavy load of chemical industrial influence from the big industries are developed into rivers.  Use of chemical fertilizers in the agriculture is on rise. During the rainy season the chemicals flow into the river water & make it contaminated.  Dead bodies of children, ashes of animals are thrown into the river which pollutes the river water.  Polythene bags thrown as waste after use also reach the rivers & choke them. Q14. Which is the largest, natural fresh water Lake in India? Ans. Wular lake is the largest, natural fresh water lake in India. Q15. Name the tributaries that joined Ganga from the north & from its right bank & from the south? Ans. Tributaries that join Ganga from the North – a. Ghaghara b. Gandak c. Kosi Tributaries that join Ganga from right bank – Yamuna Son Tributaries that join Ganga from its South – a. Chambal b. Betwa c. Son Q16. Name the two salt water takes of eastern coast. Ans. Chilika & Pulika are the two salt water lake of eastern coast. Q17. Mention some advantages of lakes? Ans. Some advantages of lakes are – 1) Lakes are of great value to human beings. They also helps to regulate flow of a river. 2) During heavy rainfall, it prevents flooding & during the dry season, it helps to maintain the even flow of water. 3) Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power. 4) They moderate the climatic of surrounding. They also maintain the aquatic ecosystem & enhance natural beauty. 5) They help to develop tourism & provide recreation.

How to make rain gauge